Curricula Outcomes Statements

1. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of pharmaceutical principles important to patient care

   1. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of scientific principles.
      1. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of biochemistry, microbiology, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, physiology, pathphysiology and statistics.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of psychological and socioeconomic concepts of illness and care.
      1. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of patient decision-making as related to medical care.
      2. Describe the construct of health-care quality of life, explain how it is assessed and integrated in care.
      3. Describe the needs of special patient populations and special patient issues.
   3. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of legal principles.
      1. Demonstrate knowledge of federal and state governmental standards for medication quality and safety.
      2. Describe laws governing the clinical practice of pharmacy.
      3. Describe laws governing the conduct of a pharmacy practice site.
   4. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of clinical principles.
      1. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of disease states.
      2. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of drug therapy evaluation, and development and monitoring drug therapy plans.
      3. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of providing drug information.
      4. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of effective patient counseling and professional team interaction.
   5. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of pharmaceutical care systems.
      1. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of concepts of pharmaceutical care.
      2. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of concepts of professional responsibility and ethics.
      3. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of concepts related to prescription appropriateness, medication errors and adverse drug effects.
      4. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of the roles of third parties
         1. Describe the impact of third party payers on care.
         2. Describe the role of accreditation and quality improvement agencies in pharmaceutical care.
   6. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of principles of evidence-based medicine.
      1. Demonstrate comprehension of the scientific method and pharmacy research.
         1. Describe aspects of the research process.
         2. Describe the roles of various groups or organizations in the research process.
            1. Describe the role of Institutional Review Boards, Animal use Committees and ethical standards.
            2. Identify various government bodies and organizations involved in funding research.
      2. Demonstrate the ability to critically evaluate research or research papers.
         1. Demonstrate the ability to retrieve and select relevant evidence for clinical questions.
         2. Describe, analyze and evaluate the appropriateness of the research methods, results and conclusions of the work being analyzed.
         3. Describe ways to implement evidence in clinical decision-making.
      3. Describe the development of clinical guidelines and their application in patient care.
      4. Describe the role of clinical guidelines and quality indicators in quality assessment and improvement.

2. Apply and Integrate pharmaceutical principles in the provision of patient-centered pharmaceutical care.

   1. Obtain patient health-related information important for recommending appropriate therapy.
   2. Apply pharmaceutical principles in the analysis of patient health–related information.
   3. Apply and integrate pharmaceutical principles in the evaluation of therapeutic alternatives.
   4. Integrate pharmaceutical principles with patient health-related information to develop the care plan.
      1. Collaborate with physicians, other health care professionals, patients and/or their caregivers to formulate a pharmaceutical care plan.
      2. Develop a plan to manage drug therapy and reinforce appropriate patient behaviors.
      3. Document pharmaceutical care activity in the patient’s medical record.
   5. Implement the care plan.
      1. Recommend appropriate drug therapy including medication doses, drug delivery systems and therapeutic regimens based upon relevant patient factors such as pharmacodynamic, physiologic, pharmacokinetic and psychosocial parameters.
      2. Recommend actions to minimize the occurrence of drug-related problems.
   6. Monitor, evaluate, and assure the safety and efficacy of the care plan.
      1. Collect accurate and comprehensive information to be used in monitoring therapeutic outcomes.
         1. Identify ongoing or potential drug-related problems (adverse drug reactions and medication errors).
         2. Identify preventable causes.
      2. Evaluate information needed to prevent or resolve medication-related problems.
         1. Patient specific pharmacotherapeutic regimens.
         2. Identify appropriate lab monitoring for specific medications and disease states and correctly utilize this information to correctly guide drug therapy recommendations.
         3. Demonstrate ability to use pharmacokinetic data to make appropriate patient-specific drug therapy recommendations.
         4. Use information obtained from adverse drug reactions and medication error reporting systems to identify preventable causes.
      3. Monitor and document drug therapy outcomes.
      4. Changes in the Pharmaceutical care plan.
         1. Recommend revisions of therapeutic plans based upon patient status.
         2. Implement corrective actions to improve drug use.
         3. Recommend actions for prevention of drug-related problems.

3. Demonstrate values and skills important for the provision of pharmaceutical care.

   1. Demonstrate effective inter-personal and inter-professional communication skills.
      1. Counsel patients or caregivers relative to optimizing therapy.
         1. Apply adequate communication skills and educational techniques.
         2. Demonstrate empathy when counseling patients and caregivers.
         3. Use appropriate sources of patient education information to review indications, adverse effects, and dosage, storage and administration techniques.
         4. Choose appropriate technology in patient education.
         5. Demonstrate effective patient interview and assessment skills.
         6. Communicate evidence of efficacy or potential for drug-related problems to the patient and/or caregiver and prescriber.
         7. Communicate the proper use of medications and medical devises.
         8. Provide recommendations for follow-up and advise patients on need for further medical evaluation.
         9. Demonstrate skills to resolve conflicts with patients and providers.
      2. Educate groups on drug and disease information.
         1. Identify and select education materials regarding drug and disease information tailored to the needs and educational background of the audience.
         2. Demonstrate product usage.
         3. Effectively communicate to other health care team members’ pertinent information from the patient’s medical record, patient therapeutic problems, or therapeutic recommendations.
   2. Demonstrate clinical skills
      1. Demonstrate ability to use disease state knowledge.
         1. Utilize disease state knowledge to identify, correct and prevent patient therapy problems.
         2. Apply disease state knowledge to prevent medication-related problems.
         3. Identify methods of preventing and detecting disease states in target populations.
      2. Demonstrate ability to provide drug therapy evaluation, development and monitoring.
         1. Identify and prioritize patient problems.
         2. Design, evaluate and adjust treatment regimens and monitoring plans for optimal outcomes.
         3. Appropriately document pharmaceutical care plans.
      3. Demonstrate ability to provide drug information to patients and other health-care professionals.
         1. Select appropriate information resources and define sources.
         2. Provide accurate and complete information in a timely manner.
   3. Demonstrate technical skills.
      1. Accurately compound individual or bulk medications.
      2. Use aseptic technique to prepare sterile pharmaceutical dosage forms.
   4. Process, prepare and dispense prescription drugs.
      1. Evaluate the prescription.
         1. Acceptability of the prescription order.
         2. Characteristics of the product(s) under consideration that may impact cost and/or therapeutic outcome.
         3. Suitability of an extemporaneously compounded prescription formulation for the administration of a desired drug.
         4. Suitability of a container for a given drug product based on the chemical and physical properties of the drug.
         5. Physical and chemical stability of a given formulation.
      2. Dispense prescriptions accurately including the choice of appropriate containers and labeling.
   5. Demonstrate professionalism.
      1. Clearly recognizes patients’ social, cultural and moral concerns and/or values systems and consistently uses this information for appropriate professional interactions.
      2. Clearly knows and understands the Pharmacist’s Code of Ethics and utilizes it constantly in all professional interactions.
      3. Defends ethical decisions through analysis of ethical principles.
         1. Consistently demonstrates sound ethical basis for making decisions in regards to patient pharmaceutical care.
      4. Clearly understands the importance of and consistently demonstrates sensitivity for patient.
      5. Completes assignments, duties, and responsibilities (including patient care responsibilities) on time.
      6. Accommodates to changes in workflow to optimize provision of Pharmaceutical care.
      7. Consistently generates self directed learning experience through self-reflection, self-directed inquiries and active involvement in lifelong learning.
      8. Logically synthesizes information in order to draw conclusions, hypothesizes and decides a course of action.

4. Manage the medication use system.

   1. Manage the human resources.
      1. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of human resources including employer and employee responsibilities.
   2. Manage the medication use system.
      1. Apply principles of outcomes research and quality assessment methods to the evaluation of pharmaceutical; care
         1. Apply policies and procedures that provide for quality assurance/control to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a given distribution system.
         2. Utilize a comprehensive database of patient information and pharmaceutical care activities to assess quality of care.
         3. Use appropriate analytical techniques to analyze data on an individual and the aggregate patient level to assess quality of care and set quality improvement goals.
         4. Evaluate and select interventions to improve quality of care, identify failures and apply ways for further improvement.
         5. Conduct drug utilization reviews.
            1. Identify appropriate drugs for review and develop appropriate process and outcome indictors.
            2. Collect and analyze data for a drug utilization review.
      2. Report medication errors and adverse drug reactions to appropriate individuals and organization.